Personal Statement Essay -- College Admissions Essays

We argon the media and the media is us. That statement is very broad and is so for a good reason. Through out the world and the recital of our society, media has trans word formed, melted, bent, molded and made our society and culture what it is today. But at the same time, our culture and society has done the exact same thing to media. It is hard to pass or imagine a time without televisions, telephones, fax machines, printers, computers, cell phones, pagers and other electronic technologies that bugger off made our lives, hopefully, stress-free. Those items were and be still being invented today to actualize our lives easier and better, but are they re everyy making life easier and better? Media plays a big part in defining what society wants and gets. Society tells our media what society wants. at that place are both upsides and downsides to the media, one saying what both of us want and two doing what both of us want.First lets start with the downsides of our media. Our me dia censors us and desensitizes us to our own society. Lets take for example the password, in news the stories that air are stories that include blood and guts. Why? Because those stories reflect the morals of society. We would rather truly see individual slashed, shot, run over, or cut than be asked to imagine what happened. The reason for preferring violent images comes from and stems from movies. It is not a good action flick unless someone loses their life or good guy, bad guy. It is what we are used to. Even in the fifties there was Zorro and the masked ranger. The good guy always had to realise no matter what. This way of thinking is where the media gets their ideas. Another downside of media is the negative image they give the United States. If you go to Ireland and ask them how they thought Americans lived, they would probably say that we are stuck up, violent, non-caring, money grubbing and work obsessed people. They get this idea from American sitcoms that air there. On e for Example is The Simpsons. They think that all males sit on the couch, drink beer, and are not responsible. They think that little boys go around and cause trouble and get kicked out of school. As for little girls, they think they are angels and never do anything wrong unless possessed by the devil. Finally, they think that females are in charge of keeping the males out of trouble, as well. Of course, this i... ...t are kids going to do if you tell them that they cannot have it. They will some how or another get their hands on it, whether it be from another kid or buying it themselves. And that is exactly what happened. He got the news press after him, the news media after him, MTV did a interview with him, and all because parents did not like his lyrics. My response to them is then do not listen to him and do not by his records. The only way a music artist makes any money is if the records sell. Now, on the other hand, if any of this happened to a politician their charge woul d be over. They would never be believed and many people would disregard what they say. Again it all started because the media opened their mouth and printed it on paper. Overall media is a good form of communication and reinsures that this country would not survive without it if you took it away from them right now, but if we never had media in the first place, this might have a different answer. Media is all around and you can never get away from it. Always be aware of what they are saying, but do not take their word as Gospel. They are just expressing the same right all of us have. Just remember to express your own.

Revolutions :: essays research papers

     One of the six revolutionsthat I have studied independently is the Glorious mutation. The GloriousRevolution took place in England during 1688 to 1689. James II and the Catholicchurch were in control of the land.     The old regime was James II, along withthe Catholic church. James II, the snatch surviving son of Charles I, becameking of England in 1685. James crushed two revolts upon his newly found land.One, controlled by his nephew, James Scott, duke of Monmouth, and the othercontrolled by Archibald Campbell, ninth earl of Argyll. The population were nothappy with his performance handling these revolts. James had also ended religiousrestrictions in 1687, which caused an increase religious tension. On June10, 1688, William of Orange, later to become William III, was asked to recedethe thr wholeness of England, there by starting the beginning of the revolution. So, now Parliament and William of Orange and his wife bloody shame and th e Catholicchurch help all the originator in England, being the moderates of the revolution.Seeing, as how there were no radicals, there could be no accession of them,nor could there be a reign of terror. Convalescence was reached when Maryand William signed the Declaration of Power. Also, therewas now a patternagain.     According to Crane Brintons "Course That Revolutions Seem To Take",there is only one situation that occurred in the Glorious Revolution. Revolutionariesgain power and seem united. This was shown by how William and Mary and Parliamentand the Catholic Church all joined up in concert to rule over England successfully.None of the other 9 happened during this revolution.     I dont believe thatthe Glorious Revolution was a revolution at all. premier off, the only two thingsthat the people didnt like were that there was a lot of religious tensionand that they thought James was a bad ruler because he was trying to protect the country. I surely hope that Bill Clinton would try to protect us fromany outside enemies that tried to take over The United States.

Lead Poisoning :: Journalistic Essays

Lead Poisoning   Lead has the atomic symbol of Pb (for plumbum, incline in Latin). The atomic number for use up is 82 and the atomic mass is 207.19 AMU. It melts at about 327.502 C and boils at 1740 C. Lead is a heavy, ductile, soft, gray solid. It is soluble in nitric acid and insoluble in water. It is found in North, Central and South America, Australia, Africa and Europe (Heiserman 686).   It generally occurs in nature in the form of ores and was get in early times as a by-product in the smelting of silver. Once lead is mined, processed and introduced into mans environment, it is a potential problem forever. Lead has been mined, smelted and increase for thousands of years. It even has been found in the Egyptian tombs.   Its versatility, as well as its physical and chemical properties, accounted for its extensive use. Lead give the gate be rolled into sheets which can be made into rods and pipes. It can also be molded into containers and mixed with oth er metallic elements.   Mini blinds ar a prime source of lead poisoning. The greatest risk of injury from lead poisoning is to children under the age of seven. The kinds of injuries lead poisoning can cause are learning disabilities, brain damage, pipe organ failure, death and many more. Studies have shown that lead poisoned children are more likely to drop out of high school and to live a life of unemployment. HUD estimates that 75% of the houses built in the United States before 1978 contain some lead-based winder. It is universally accepted that the most common cause of lead poisoning in children is deteriorated (chipping and peeling) lead-based paint on the exterior and interior of houses.   Lead poisoning doesnt only occur in children, but adults too. Adults can get it from leaded soldering fumes, lead corrupted soil or heroin. It takes more lead to poison adults than children because an adults body has formed and is prepared for such things unlike childr en who are still growing. Some common symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are fatigue, depression, heart failure and high blood pressure.   There are myths about lead that many people believe are true.

Classes of Chemical Reactions :: essays research papers

Classes of Chemical ReactionsWhenever a reaction takes place, energy is changed as well when the substances react chemically. Scientists have taken these changes in energy and generalized them. Scientists can take these generalizations and discover more active the nature and tendencies of matter. In this lab, the purpose was to perform seven reactions, write knock off their equations, and identify the type of reaction. In this lab report, several methods of displaying this information will be applied.Synthesis1.A piece of Magnesium was obtained at about ii centimeters in length. The strip was thin and easily bent or twisted. It had a metallic surface and was brittle. It was silver in pretext. A flame from a bunsen burner was held to the Mg, and it ignited, giving off a brilliant white light. Looking directly into the light resulted in temporary blindness, which would explain the warning on the procedures that strongly suggested not looking directly into the light. After the fl ame had extinguished itself due to lack of fuel, the Mg had turned from a metallic strip to an off-white powder, which crumbled at the slightest irritation. The magnesium had bonded with the oxygen gas in the air from the energy that was applied to it and formed magnesium oxide. The type of reaction was a synthesis reaction, as is shown by this equation.2Mg(s) + O2(g) = 2MgO(s) 2.A piece of copper was obtained. It was a small, rounded wire that could be bent, although with a greater difficulty than the Mg strip from the previous account. It was copper in color (never saw that one coming, didja) and had a metallic luster. The copper was put in the flame of a Bunsen burner and after several seconds, it began to moodyen. The flame was applied to it for about a minute and a half, and the copper appeared silvery under intense heat, but when it was removed from the flame, the silver color quickly faded. The copper strip was nowadays black all over, and the change in color suggested tha t a chemical change had occurred. The Cu had reacted with the oxygen in the air and formed copper oxide. The black color could be scraped off, but only in small slivers. It would crumble when it was irritated with a great deal of pressure, respectively. It was a synthesis reaction as displayed by the equation here.Cu(s) + O2(o) = CuO2

Dickinson Vs. Whitman Essay -- essays research papers

Dickinson vs. WhitmanAfter receiving five years of schooling, Walt Whitman spent four yearslearning the printing trade Emily Dickinson returned main office after receivingschooling to be with her family and never really had a job. Walt Whitman spentmost of his date observing people and spick-and-span York City. Dickinson rarely left her category and she didnt associate with many a(prenominal) people other than her family. In thisessay I will be comparing Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman.Emily Dickinsons life differs greatly from the life of Walt Whitman,although they lived during the same magazine period. Walt Whitman publishedpractically all his poetry during his lifetime, but Emily Dickinson onlypublished seven of her poems during her lifetime. Actually, her poetry wasntpublished until after her death. Both Whitman and Dickinson were poeticpioneers because of the new ideas they utilize in their poetry. Emily Dickinsondid not write for an audience, but Walt Whitman wrote for a n audience aboutseveral national events. The forms each poet used are distinguishable as well. Therhyme in the poetry by Whitman is drastically different from the poetry writtenby Dickinson, because Whitman didnt use any rhyme.Emily Dickinson grew up in Amherst, Mass, and Walt Whitman grew up inNew York City, New York this is one way that these poets lives differ. Themain people that influenced Emily Dickinson were Ralph Waldo Emerson and EmilyBronte. Walt Whitman was influenced by many people, some of which were EliasHicks, James Macpherson and William Shakespeare. Whitman read many book reviewsby many people from these, he realized Emerson was very influential. Whitmanwas also influenced by the Bible, his walks in New York City, Tom Paine, and astrong love for music. After Whitman started preparing to be a poet, he verbalize hewas merely "simmering," but the ideas of Emerson brought him to a "boil."Dickinson wasnt addressing anyone in particular through her poetr y, but Whitmanaddressed the citizens of the United States, most of the time, through hiswritings. After reading "The Poet" by Emerson and seeing how he defined therole of the poet in democracy, Whitman was eager to assume that role. Whitma nloved to have his picture taken and there are many pictures of him. Dickinsononly allowed her picture to be taken once and did so reluctantly. NeitherDickinson nor Whi... ...n wrote about the Civil War. Dickinson often wroteabout death and nature. The punctuation is drastically different as well.Whitman used mostly traditional punctuation in his poetry, but in the poem"Beat Beat Drums" he used a great amount of dashes "Beat beat drums-blowbugles blow Through the windows-through the doors-burst like a ruthlessforce." Dickinson used a form of punctuation unique to her poetry as well ascapitalization. She used irregular capitalization to emphasize certain wordsfor example, in the poem "This is My Letter to the World,&qu ot she capitalized thewords, World, Me, News, Nature, Majesty, Message, Hands, Her, and Sweet. Shedid this because those things were important to her.Walt Whitmans and Emily Dickinsons lives were very different, althoughthey lived during the same time period. Each poet chose to be around certainpeople and things. Those people and things they chose to be around greatlyinfluenced their poetry. The forms and subjects are different because theyliked writing about things that happened in their lives. They are bothinnovators in poetry because they chose to change common things in writingpoetry.

Dickinson Vs. Whitman Essay -- essays research papers

Dickinson vs. Whitman after(prenominal) receiving five historic period of schooling, Walt Whitman spent four yearslearning the printing trade Emily Dickinson returned home by and by receivingschooling to be with her family and never really had a job. Walt Whitman spent some of his time observing good deal and New York City. Dickinson r arely left herhouse and she didnt associate with many people other than her family. In thisessay I will be comparing Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman.Emily Dickinsons look differs greatly from the life of Walt Whitman,although they lived during the same time period. Walt Whitman publishedpractically all his poetry during his lifetime, but Emily Dickinson onlypublished seven of her poems during her lifetime. Actually, her poetry wasntpublished until after her death. Both Whitman and Dickinson were poeticpioneers because of the new ideas they used in their poetry. Emily Dickinsondid not write for an audience, but Walt Whitman wrote for an audience just aboutseveral national events. The cooks each poet used are disparate as well. Therhyme in the poetry by Whitman is drastically different from the poetry writtenby Dickinson, because Whitman didnt use any rhyme.Emily Dickinson grew up in Amherst, Mass, and Walt Whitman grew up inNew York City, New York this is one way that these poets lives differ. Themain people that influenced Emily Dickinson were Ralph Waldo Emerson and EmilyBronte. Walt Whitman was influenced by many people, some of which were EliasHicks, James Macpherson and William Shakespeare. Whitman read many maintain reviewsby many people from these, he realized Emerson was very influential. Whitmanwas also influenced by the Bible, his walks in New York City, Tom Paine, and astrong love for music. After Whitman started preparing to be a poet, he said hewas merely "simmering," but the ideas of Emerson brought him to a "boil."Dickinson wasnt addressing anyone in particular through her poetry, but Whitm anaddressed the citizens of the United States, most of the time, through hiswritings. After reading "The Poet" by Emerson and seeing how he defined therole of the poet in democracy, Whitman was eager to assume that role. Whitma nloved to have his portraying taken and there are many pictures of him. Dickinsononly allowed her picture to be taken once and did so reluctantly. NeitherDickinson nor Whi... ...n wrote about the Civil War. Dickinson often wroteabout death and nature. The punctuation is drastically different as well.Whitman used mostly traditional punctuation in his poetry, but in the poem" castigate Beat Drums" he used a big amount of dashes "Beat beat drums-blowbugles blow Through the windows-through the doors-burst like a ruthlessforce." Dickinson used a form of punctuation unique to her poetry as well ascapitalization. She used irregular capitalization to emphasize certain wordsfor example, in the poem "This is My earn to the World," she capitalized thewords, World, Me, News, Nature, Majesty, Message, Hands, Her, and Sweet. Shedid this because those things were important to her.Walt Whitmans and Emily Dickinsons lives were very different, althoughthey lived during the same time period. Each poet chose to be around certainpeople and things. Those people and things they chose to be around greatlyinfluenced their poetry. The forms and subjects are different because theyliked writing about things that happened in their lives. They are bothinnovators in poetry because they chose to change common things in writingpoetry.

Marketing – Right Choices

Off Campus & Assignment Handling Services Division of Information Services Nathan Campus GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY QLD 4111 date COVER SHEET Open Universities Australia Student details Name Gokhan Aykut Course B. Comm Unit details Unit code MKT 103 Unit name universe To trade Unit tutor Kieth Assessment Item details Marketing Report Due date 20/02/2012 Word count 2500 Extension granted v? No ? Yes Extension date Is this a resub committal? v? No ? Yes Resubmission date ACADEMIC INTEGRITY DECLARATION Breaches of academic integrity (cheating, plagiarism, falsification of data, collusion) seriously via media student skill, as well as the Universitys assessment of the effectiveness of that learning and the academic grapheme of the Universitys awards. All breaches of academic integrity atomic number 18 taken seriously and could result in penalties including failure in the course and exclusion from the University.Students should be aw be that the University uses text-matching softwa re to safeguard the quality of student learning and that your assignment will be checked utilise this software. I ack instantlyledge and agree that the examiner of this assessment particular proposition may, for the purpose of marking this assessment item 1 reproduce this assessment item and provide a copy to some other Griffith staff member and/ 2 submit this assessment item to a text-matching service. This web-based service will retain a copy of this assessment item for checking the work of other students, but will not reproduce it in in all form.Examiners will only award marks for work within this assignment that is your own original work. I, hereby certify that 1 except where I take over indicated, this assignment is my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. 2 I move over ack forthwithledged all materials and sources used in the forwardness of this assignment whether they be books, articles, reports, lecture notes, or any other kind of document or persona l communication. 3 I down not collaborated with another student or person in planning, eveloping and writing this assessment item. 4 this assignment has not been submitted for assessment in any other course or at any other snip in the similar course. 5 I need not copied in part or in totally or otherwise plagiarised the work of other students and/or other persons. 6 I havent make this piece of work acquirable to another student. Providing this declaration falsely is considered a breach of academic integrity. I have retained a copy of this assessment item for my own records. ensure 09/01/2012. (Gokhan Aykut) Executive SummaryThe fol meeking report is the marketing plan for the raw Nokia Lumia 910G for the global market for the financial year of 2012-2013. After many years of unfortunate handsets which have lead to a pass up in growth, this handset is instaurationed to regain the market share globally and for Nokia to lead into a wise propagation of exploitation petty(a ) cost handsets with high block features with the added benefit of showing to the humanness that Nokia is environmentally conscious and a proud ambassador for protecting our in truth tenuous planet. The companys mission statement E veryone has a need to communicate and share. Nokia helps fulfil these inescapably and we help people feel close to what matters. We focus on consumers by providing very human technology * Commitment to deliver outstanding and insertd products to our customers. We anticipate to make up the number one electronics company doneout the world. * Focused to go along outstanding relationship with all of customers and distribution partners globally. By maintaining our strong relationship our beget is to become once again the number one handset fictionalization globally.The marketing plan will focus on the smart call up and the current line of smartphones that Nokia has introduced, it will outlined the detailed of the current promotion and marketing cam paigns used and how it could to a greater extentover better those campaigns. The target market that this handset will be focused on is generation Z in particular, 15-22 year old males and females. This generation is the cause setters of today and are digital natives, it will also analyse relevant factors with the company including, competitors, customers and SWOT analysis.Table Of Contents Executive Summary.. 2 Introduction 4 Situation compendium. 5 Macro environs.. 6 Political Legal Environment 7 Technology. 7-8 Competitor analytic thinking. 8-9 Consumer Analysis 9-10 inner(a) Environment. 11 sales Market Share 11 Brand Awareness. 1 Promotional And Marketing.. 11-12 SWOT Analysis. 13-14 Objectives.. 15 prat Market. 16 military position Map. 17 Marketing Mix Strategies.. 18-20 Evaluation.. 21 Implementation.. 22 Conclusion. 23 References. 24 Introduction Nokia was first established in 1865 on the banks of Nokianvitra River in Finland by Fredrick Idestam.He would set up a w ood pulp mill and produced paper, the original form of communication. It was later on on were a merger took place with Finnish Rubber Works and Finnish Cable Works that gave birth to Nokia Corporation in 1965. The name of Nokia would be growing at a rapid rate, and at last the company would be a major player for 31 entanglement operators around the world. Nokia initially targeted low income people and first time roving buyers, with the introduction of the 1100 series. Today the company has heavy(a) into the largest manufacturer and distributor of mobile phones.With the introduction of OVI (internet services for the Nokia Brand) in 2007, Nokia has now become a major player in the smart phone industry, and with its newly formed alliance with Microsoft Corporation and Windows Mobile, the sky is the limit for this iconic defacement. Situational Analysis The major mobile handset suppliers in Australia now include brands such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, LG, Motorola, Sonim, HT C, Palm, Blackberry, Garmin Asus, Alcatel and orchard apple tree i skirt. The cost has gone from over $5000 in 1981 (in car system) to Telstras brassyest model available today at $35.Mobile coverage, customers and functionality has changed dramatically over 30 years and together with the Internet, social media and affordability mobile communication has permanently changed the way in which people live and work. there are now an estimated 22 million mobile phone services in Australia as at 2011. (Budde. com, 2011). The mobile phone market in Australia is highly belligerent in terms of two service and phone suppliers. In the area of service providers the dominant player is Telstra, although with a policy of competition, other organisations are developing strong competitive positions.Pre-paid and post paid plans also form a basis for competition between providers. The chart below provides an insight into both service providers and types of service in 2008. Item 3 on the chart inclu des other suppliers. Source Mobility Magazine (2011) 10 (3). The Finnish Nokia Brand remains the worlds largest mobile phone producer although its market share has dropped to 23. 9 per centum (from 28. 2 percent last year), and Samsung, LG and Apple are showing strong growth. (IBT March 24 2011). Macroenvironment Economic Environment Economic conditions affect the way in which consumers spend.They also affect the way in which companies spend on such things as product development, range and inventory of stock. The present world economic crisis in Europe has had an influence on both consumers and manufacturers. Global sales of all mobile phones showed a growth rate of 5. 6 percent in the third quarter (2011) compared to 16. 5 percent in the previous quarter. Global sales of Smartphones were also down from 74 percent growth to 42 percent in the third quarter whilst inventories have grown by 20 million phones during the same period. MobiThinking, 2011). Australia has shown better econo mic performance than that of nearly other countries, but this too is dependent on factors outside of its control. wedded that the major manufacturers of mobile technology are multi-nationals, they will feel the effect of any economic downturn, which may also then be seen here. Consumers have shown vacillation worldwide to purchase new phones during the European credit crisis, although this may be mitigated by consumers waiting for new flagship devices to be released. Gartner, 2011). Even if Australia is insulated from the full set up of a major economic downturn in the near future, it is likely to affect the purchasing intentions of the mobile phone market Political Legal Environment The telecommunications market is important to the domestic economy and as such is subject to political and legal constraints. Politics has led to opening the market to competition, and it is maintaining and strengthening competitive forces.In terms of service providers, they have to operate within a legal framework that is subject to political influence and overseen by such bodies as the Australian Competition and Consumer Council (ACCC) in accordance with Fair Trade and Trade Practices Acts. There is also protection of intellectual property, as well as trademark/design and brand protection in Australia that companies have to consider when marketing their goods and services. Technology Technology has been an essential driver of the mobile phone market for both attack aircraft carriers and handset providers.The original AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was launched in 1987 and provided an analogue or 1G service and by 1989 had 100,000 subscribers. In 1992, both Optus and Vodafone were licensed and the number of subscribers reached 500,000. In 1993 Telstra launched its new 2G network, and by 1996 on that point were over one million digital subscribers and 2. 5 million analogue users. Four years later the AMPS service ceased, however, by 2003 the first 3G network together wi th the Nokia e606 mobile phone allowed for both video calls and high-speed Internet access.By 2005 half the Australian population had a mobile phone, and at present (2011) there are more subscribers than people in Australia. (ActewAGL, 2009). In each stage of development carriers and phone manufacturers worked together to increase the range and variety of applications that could be performed by mobile devices, culminating with the issue of the Apple 4 iPhone in 2011. Ongoing development includes Apples new battery solution (Hydrogen Cell) that could power the iPhone for weeks (AEDT, 2011).The diametric architecture or platforms used and being developed for the smartphone market will provide both marketing and technology-related opportunities. Operating Systems (OS) such as Palm and BlackBerry, Symbian and Windows Mobile, are all likely to increase competition and consumer choice in the market. Competitor Analysis Both carriers and retailers/manufacturers operate in a dynamic and h ighly competitive market. There is a plethora of deals in the marketplace covering both service providers and retailers. Continual new product innovations have put pressure on companies to innovate or lose market share.For example, the Apple iPhone sourcely changed the product landscape realising phenomenal growth since its release in 2007. (Australian IT, 2011) The introduction of competing phones and platforms that offer advantages peculiar to an exclusive system is likely to fuel a continuation of the current technological war, which, combined with aggressive marketing from all the major suppliers, makes for an evolving and unpredictable mobile phone market. Mobile phone marketing strategies are aimed at both the profession-to-business (B2B) market and the business to consumer market (B2C).Some of the strategies used include multiple pricing (B2B) as in supplying all the phones for a specific company (eg. Origon Energy), bundling, where the phone and plan form the purchase and provide value for the bundle for both business and consumer markets, two for one deals, free talk time, (for a specified value above that which is paid for in the mobile phone plan), and many more. Customer/Consumer Analysis Customers can be classified in terms of business and non-business. The business sector is more rational, value driven and information hungry. Business customers will tangle a structured approach to analysing costs and, n the main, make choices based on full information. Consumers as individuals constitute a different market, with different needs and associated motivations. From the very beginning mobile phones were seen as status symbols, owning one increased ones social standing and position. This still remains a discern driver for innovators who will purchase new and improved phones as soon as they are available, and bask in their (perceived) increased social standing or Street Cred. Mobile phones have had a symbiotic relationship with social media such as Facebook and Twitter.One has supplied the other with the means to expand and capture a huge consumer audience. As such there has been considerable research conducted into other motivations, needs, and influences that affect the interface of mobile phones and social media. (Lenhart, 2009). For instance, Telstra has released consumer research showing how Australians use their mobiles to connect. It undercoat * 50 percent of Australians feel panic stricken within five minutes when they think they have lost their mobile phone 25 percent panic after less than a minute. Nearly one third of Generation Y consumers check their mobile phones in the mornings before they use the bathroom, have breakfast, or go online. * Nearly half of Australians rank mobile phones as the innovation they value the most, more than the desktop computer to laptop and the oven to microwave. (SMH, 2011). Mobile phones are an integral part of a consumers life affecting the ways in which they conduct business and lei sure activities. With the introduction of the Smart Phones, consumers now have the capacity to interact with one another in ways that have completely and radically changed the marketing landscape.Apart from using applications for shopping online or as a means of supplementing high street purchases) they can now join communities and share opinions about goods and services that are really empowering them in the consumer decision-making process. Internal Environment Sales And Market Share The global mobile phone market is extremely competitive in terms of manufactures. In 2007 Nokia was number one handset manufacture, with a global market share of 38 percent, and estimated sales of 32 billion. Five years later, Nokia finds themselves losing their crown as number one handset anufacture to its long time completive rival, Samsung Electronics. Nokias market share has slumped to only 19. 8 percent in the handset market, which works out to be a 52. 1 percent decline from 2007. Nokia has just released its fiscal Q2 2012 financials. Its reported 7. 5 billion in net sales, a slight increase from the 7. 4 billion last quarter. enlighten sales are down by five percent, and the operating loss is almost twice the value it was last quarter 826 million compared to 487 million a year ago. Brand Awareness Nokia has built a reputation on being one of the worlds number one handset manufactures.Nokia initially targeted low income earners and first time mobile phone owners, but since has grown into a leading and innovating smart phone supplier to the world. The brands mission statement is intemperately focused around communication. Everyone has a need to communicate and share. Nokia helps fulfill these needs and we help people feel close to what matters. We focus on consumers by providing very human technology Nokias brand is built around friendship, trust and customer loyalty. Building friendship and trust is at the lovingness of the brand, and this is visual communicated to custo mers by two hands shaking.Promotion And Marketing Currently Nokia is heavily promoting there Lumia family of Windows Phones on a massive global scale. These include 4D projections and live harmony events. Along with Nokia pushing heavily the Lumia range, Microsoft has jumped on board and pushing hard with carries around the world to promote the Windows based handset, this is done with the Smoked by Windows Phone campaign. This camping was based around simply a bet where people would win a $100 if their non-Windows phones is quicker than the Lumia handset running the Windows Phone software.According to Nokia Australias point in time of marketing, Jolaine Boyd, This new brand proposition and campaign signals a new Nokia a company that is thinking and doing things differently. Our aim is to fundamentally shift consumer perceptions and educate them about Nokias new smartphone range. We want to put Nokia firmly in the consideration set and make the brand relevant again. This current camping focuses, on Nokias global brand positioning and promoting Amazing Everyday which is heavily focused around portraying the amazing thing we do as humans every day with a massive focus on social media and the youth of today.There are three core elements within this camping and they are, out of home, TV and digital. Boyd added, Australia has the highest smartphone penetration in the world at 37 per cent. The rise of smartphones is dramatically increasing the use of the internet overall in Australia. With this in mind the Amazing Everyday campaign, the current advertising of the new Lumia range capitalises on these aspects, with bright and bold colours with simple statements. Some of these advertisements are below. SWOT Analysis Strengths Nokia incorporated has a rich biography and a wealth of experience which spans well over a 100 years.The company has one of the largest networks of distribution and selling partners in the world. Currently Nokia has one of the largest RD depa rtments in the world, which has a strong financial backing with over 1. 4 billion USD which allows Nokia to keep producing new and revolutionary products for its customers. Nokia produces many different handsets for different people for their day to day use and pride themselves on building relationships and sustaining them. The build quality of Nokia handsets are at world class levels, which gives to a such(prenominal) higher resale value than its competitors.Weakness Nokia is a well-established company with many strengths, but is main strength has also turned out to be its biggest weakness. The handset giant unluckily did not move along with the technological move that sweep through right after the turn of the millennium. With the introduction of the iPhone, the handset giant was consistently producing the same type of phone but with a different designs and still asking customer to pay premium prices. The handsets that were being produced were overpriced and customers wanted more from their Nokias.Customers became app raging and with the introduction of social media on the go, Nokia was lagging behind. Bold moves by Nokia gave birth to the NGAGE, a portable gaming console. The handset was designed to make phone calls, communicate text and surf the web with the added advantage of being able to play your favorite retro on the go. The concept was great but unfortunately this radical all in one device was not accepted by the market, customers still prefer the iPhone. This then gave birth to the N97 a poorly created handset which was very clumsy and had outdated software. OpportunitiesThere are many opportunities at present for Nokia. One of these opportunities is for the company to enter new growing markets, such as the Indian market. By entering a newly developing market it has an opportunity to increase its sales as well as the overall global market share. As the standard of living in India has increased so has the purchasing power of the people. By targeti ng the market at the right time Nokia can gain the most out of this situation( Nokia SWOT Analysis). Nokia has been a leading the way for many years with its well-designed handsets, these designs have gave birth to other handsets such as the iPhone.With the addition of Cal Zeiss to the portfolio, Nokia now has outstanding cameras on their handsets as well. Threats Nokia has many competitors in the market that it must attach to maintain its position as the market leader. The threats are emerging handset manufactures in the market. Companies like Motorola, Sony, LG mobile, Apple and HTC. The manufactures are providing equal or better products and presenting to be tough competition for Nokia in the global market. These threats can be providing cheap phones, new features, new style/types, and premium after sales service.So the growing competition has created an uphill battle for Nokia. With global economic downfall Nokia has to produced premium quality handsets at competitive prices, if this issue is not tackled head on it could create greater problems for Nokia in the future. Objectives Mission Statement Everyone has a need to communicate and share. Nokia helps fulfill these needs and we help people feel close to what matters. We focus on consumers by providing very human technology * Commitment to deliver outstanding and innovated products to our customers.We seek to become the number one electronics company throughout the world. * Focused to maintain outstanding relationship with all of customers and distribution partners globally. By maintaining our strong relationship our aim is to become once again the number one handset manufacture globally. Marketing Objectives * Increase sales by 10% within one year. expenditure innovative technologies, such as Nokia Kinetic a world first flexible LCD, the introduction of WP8 handsets, to increase our target audiences awareness to illustrate our competitive advantages. reform current products. Improve current products t o reach new markets based on unmet consumer needs. Sales Objectives * To achieve sales on 10,000 units per quarter across every carrier and to have net sales exceed $100,000 per month. * To gain 15 per cent of the total Australian market share with WP7 handsets and to achieve globally 30 per cent. match marketing budget for WP7 handsets in 20 per cent. Target Market Primary Market 15-22 year old males and females, or better known as generation Z.Most members of this generation have spent their entire lives on the World Wide Web. Generation Z are a highly connected into technology they are the trend setter. The generation has spent their whole lives around technology and new forms of communications, such as the World Wide Web, instant messaging, texting, iPods, mobile phones, Facebook, twitter and YouTube, magnanimous them the new name of digital natives. These trend setters are no longer using the internet on their PCs but rather it is on the go and carried in their pockets on th eir mobile phones.This generation is trend setting however very lazy they want something that is easy to use out of the thump with no hassles. Market Positioning Nokias brand positioning should differentiate itself from the past. In the past Nokia handset was specially designed for low end users, firearm the N series was aimed at trend setters, it lacked substance and failed to capture the digital natives. With handsets that were out shadowed by the iPhone, Nokia quickly lost its majority market share. Nokia has to precipitously attack the smartphone market by specifically targeting the trend setters of today.The trend setters of today are driven by technology and want handsets that are easy to use, they are heavily driven by social media, and their social status is of the highest priority. The key strategy is to maintain its leadership and lower prices on smartphones while providing high end products for the masses. Positioning Map Innovation Samsung Samsung Nokia Nokia Future P ositioning Future Positioning Apple Apple Sony Sony Nokia Nokia Current Positioningnt Positioning Positioning Current Positioningnt Positioning Positioning High Price High Price Low Price Low Price LG Mobile LG MobileCompetitiveness Marketing Mix Strategies Product According to OConnor ,B (2000) A well-thought-out marketing plan can give you the ability to exploit your competitors weaknesses, adjust to any new competition, expand your service capabilities, strengthen customer relationships and minimize sales volume fluctuations. It will also help eliminate unproductive promotions and enable you to create and control the specific image you want to project. To have an impact on the market, Nokia needs a blockbuster a single, stunning smartphone that puts the company back on the map alongside with Windows Phone.Windows Phone 8 has a lot of involution from various carriers, by taking advantage of all this, the company can get its groove back. The handset must be simple to use, jam ja mmed with technology while upholding two key fundamental features social media and easy to use. Nokia introduced a whole line accessories free of PVC, keeping in touch with this jet aspect already adopted by Nokia, the Lumia 910G will have a specially designed solar panel will built into the back of the handset, as part of the battery cover.Ten minutes of sun exposure will get you three minutes of talk time and the phones casing will be made entirely from recycled plastic water system bottles. Other key features are, quad core processing power, 12 mega pixel camera with Carl Zies lens, Nokia flexible AMOLED screen. 4. 7 inch 4. 7 inch Solar Panel Solar Panel Recycled Materials Recycled Materials Place/Distribution Having already established a channel of distribution partners globally, the handset will be available through all major vendors globally as well as to be purchased through online vendors such amazon and Nokia online.The opportunity exists to expand through existing areas , but with heavy focus on the Nokia online store. This channel present great opportunity as there is no overheads. Price Price for this handset is directly set against competitors like the Apple IPhone 4s and Samsung Galaxy S3. The handsets being manufactures offshore in China and allows entry into the market at $350 per unit. The pricing strategy is very aggressive, keeping in line with the market audience the handset is directed at.This handset will be the first smartphone with high end features for very low costs. Being of all recycled plastic design allows maximum build quality with minimum costs. Promotions The use of viral marketing is the quickest way to get the devise out about the new handset, as the use of social networks will spread the message quicker. According to Berkowtiz, D (2010) blogs and social media can be recyclable for establishing direct communication between marketers and consumers, and they can contribute to establishing a larger share of voice in search e ngine results.One such example of this is the crush job in the world campaign that involved getting a job in the topical islands of the great barrier reef. The campaign had generated so often interested that the publicity around it was worth well over $150 million and in the process highlighted Queensland as an ideally holiday destination. By heavily promoting the Smoked by Windows Phone campaign, over social media sites, the word of the Lumia 910G will spread. Evaluation According to Harris, A (2010), there is a lack of strategy for using these new social media tools.It is often viewed as a technology issue, not a communications tool. Improving brand awareness and exposure involves creating an online presence, delivering key messages to a target audience and then building relationships with potential customers. brotherly media allows for these behaviors, as well as enhancing a companys credibility. Social media is fairly new components to marketing, this type of marketing involv e a company interested in increasing brand awareness and exposure to new and existing customers.By gaining the trust and evaluate of potential customers through frequent, but informal postings public relations teams may then assess the results of the marketing campaign. Although posting cannot be quantitatively measured, it can eventually lead to sales. According to Connor, A (2010) public relations professionals must develop creative strategies for linking online community participation to direct revenue. The interested fans having these conversations may be more inclined to purchase from their online friend than someone else.The will give an indication into measuring the sales volumes achieved through social media. From here, Nokia can determine if social median(a) marketing is worth the time that has been invested into. Implementation Conclusion This report sets out the marketing plan for the new Nokia Lumia 910G. The handset is made from recyclable plastic water bottles and sp orts a solar panel on the back for additional power for the handset. It is a leading and innovating handset with superior features at the fraction of the price of its competitors.The handset is specifically aimed at the trend setters of today, the digital natives The sales objectives is to achieve 10,000 units per quarter and to achieve a sales revenue of $100,000 per month. Back boning on the currently successful promotion Smoked By A Windows Phone campaign and the use of social media the aim is to regain the majority of the globally market share and to become the number one handset manufacture in the world. Reference Berkowitz, David Social Marketing Advertising Age 818 (Feb 22,2010)54 Connor, Angela. Market With Social Media 21 Dec. 2009 Research Library, ProQuest.Web. 21 Feb. 2010. Harris, Angela. Does Social WORK? Measuring Community Effectiveness. EContent 1 Jan. 2010 Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 22 Feb. 2010 OConnor, Bob Motor 193. 3 (Mar 2000) p71-74 http//www. authorstr eam. com/ demo/sanju152k-262736-nokia-final-education-ppt-powerpoint/ http//www. campaignbrief. com/2012/03/version10-starthtml0000000149-190. html http//www. informationweek. com/news/mobility/smart_phones/232901759 http//www. marketing91. com/swot-nokia/ http//www. moyeamedia. com/blog/? p=2361 http//techland. time. com/2012/07/20/lets-be-realistic-about-nokias-chances/

Problems on Fraternity Membership

The Problem and Its Background Introduction frat nowadays is very universal in Universities, Colleges, and Communities. some of them mystify their own experience in a Fraternity. In a Certain University here in Philippines there atomic number 18 both(prenominal) Known Fraternity such as Tau da Gamma Phi, of import Phi Omega, Alpha Kappa Rho etc. ut this Fraternities ar much getn by the Students than the Administrators of the Schools. There argon different types of discrimination. Black people in America experienced it as well as Asians, Cubans, Mexi abides and other non-American living there. It is commonly called racial discrimination. People with physiological deformities suffer the so-called physical discrimination. People who belong to the third sex atomic number 18 also victims of such cruelty. Now, new sets of victims have risen. They are the pupils who atom of fraternities and sororities.Discrimination of fraternities and sororities evolve because other people t hink that these fraternities and sororities only cause distracts, which the members do not agree with. Those students who join the fraternities or sororities are not merely looking for trouble but there are deeper reasons, like to have a group they can call their own, to experience good camaraderie, brotherhood and sisterhood and to have split up of friends. These are a fact that others do not see, that is why they jump into conclusion that fraternities and sororities cause trouble so they deserve to be discriminated.We all know that discrimination has many effects on the life of an individual. This study the researcher is out for the truth. This researchers carries the purpose of finding out the effects of labor union and sorority discrimination. Statement of the chore This study forget seek answers to the following questions. 1. Why do college students who are involved in fraternity or sorority discriminated in school? 2. What are the primary(prenominal) reasons why they joi ned fraternity or sorority? 3. What are the advantages in joining fraternity or sorority? 4. What are the disadvantages in joining fraternity or sorority? objective lenss of the studyGeneral Objective The main objective of the study to determine the problems encountered by the membership in fraternities. Specifically, this study aims 1. To find out why to join Fraternity 2. To be awake about the Problems such Organizations undergo 3. To identify the nature of brotherhood and sisterhood as Fraternities and sororities 4. To have a knowledge about the Basic 5. To know the advantages and disadvantages of Fraternity Significance of the study This study signifies that.. Expose the discrimination experienced by the students who are involved in fraternities and sororities in school. Correct the misconception people have regarding these fraternities or sororities. Inform students about the positive and negative effects of joining the fraternity or sorority. Give an overview why students want to join fraternity or sorority. Assumptions These are the reasons why students joined a fraternity and sorority, and there are fraternities and sorority members who are responsible and can perform well in school. There are fraternities and sororities who can help students develop their self-esteem and self-confidence. And there are fraternity and sorority who can give protection and support to its members.There are preventive measures that can be through with(p) when someone wants to join a fraternity or sorority. There are fraternity or sorority who conducts physical initiations rites. And there are possibilities that when a students joined a fraternity or sorority, his social life and attitude will change. Scope and delimitations This study will deal only problem faced by cosmos a fraternity member on the life of a student in selected college/university. This will be done through interviewing 20 members and non-members of different fraternities or sororities in four differ ent colleges/universities namely, St James College Of Q.C, University of Santo Tomas, Our Lady of Fatima University, and Centro escolar University. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter will discuss on the selective information that have significant bearing on the process and discussion of research.. check to the Webster Dictionary Encyclopedia Edition. , fraternity is an organization for social or other purposes of student in colleges who usually have the Greek letter names and secret rites, and represented by chapters in many Institutions. Fraternities were established with an avowed purpose of offering friendship, leadership, nspiration, counsellor and services to the students and other people As well. College fraternities. Are far more ahead from their contemporary high school Fraternities, in some colleges, forming an organization or fraternity is legal, because of the fact that the members, whether students or alumni, the advantages of fraternal o rganizations are not only astounding but self evident. They believe that it helps maintain the high-quality attitude of the campus and strengthen the office staff of higher education in social mobility. But not all fraternities have the same outcome in other campus.According to the article of Alfred McClung, to non members, their disadvantages are overwhelming, and their nominal head on the campus is regarded as hurtful and hostile to the objective of higher education, they believe that fraternity members are war freaks, cause nothing but trouble in the school that they are in, in that same article, the point of school authorities, fraternities have served no good, they have been continual source of problems for disciplinary officers and administrations of the campus, Forming a fraternity is because prohibited. According to William S. Carlson, the liabilities of fraternities in students life are ery different in kind and severity from one campus to another, the most negative crit icisms are declare toward those on the large, heterogeneous campuses, where there are the highest contrast in economic origin, social consciousness, social skills and competence. The lack of security in social relations is wherefore the greatest concern to the student, parents and school administrators, however, banning fraternities as many schools now ban them has really forced this fraternities to go underground but there are still some fraternities, which are recognized by the school authorities and students but not ecognized by the school administrators, In an article entitled, Psychological ineluctably of Adolescents, it was stated that college students enter in a fraternity for brotherhood and for protection.Fraternity members voluntary joined hands in recognizing that true brotherhood emanates from love and respect for their fellowmen. According to Joseph Rhulman in his book Personnel Principles in Chapter House the reason behind why college students enter organizations such as fraternity, because of curiosity and peer pressure, in the youthfulness sub-culture of almost all generations he peer group is more powerful influence than admonitions of parents and school authorities. There are ample information to show the net erect of the college discrimination curiously in regard to the earning trust of the students. In a typical university, the fraternity feels that it must make its entrance in style, existence sure that it can compete with the long established group already present that is why they develop their own principles in recruiting new members.Nowadays, many college students are aware with the mindless and useless death due to hazing. This barbaric practice which defies all norms of civilized conduct has ecome institutionalized establishments of higher learning is beyond rationality. Some fraternity members say that it is intended to instill discipline among unruly freshman and newly recruits, but the countless deaths and injuries it ha s ca utilise seemed to militate against this cruel practice. That is why, most non members get scare by the way the members act. For instance, the fraternity riots that are breaking out. These non members are in fear that their lives might be in jeopardy. They suggest that the best way to do to have a clean image-fraternity is to completely abolish hazing.In the article Tougher Laws Alone Wont Stop Hazing and Abuses, says that there is no justification for mindless personnel and risk to life. However, the better remedy is to meet the needs of college students by means of more professionally oriented organizations. To give young men in our colleges and universities comely challenges and interesting tasks as well as stimulating academic activities to keep their minds focused on these priorities rather than their enculturations needs alone, Another way is to say that the socialization needs will be met by the overall challenge of school activities and the xpectations given to young people to develop themselves without need for fraternities. Loss of life is certainly a better option to prevent these students from joining these Fraternities.Chapter III Methodology The survey type of a detailed analysis of a group, was used in this study since this study concerns about the present material bodys regarding students who are involved in a fraternity or sorority the analysis of this condition will lead to the understanding and possible solutions to the problems undertaken by the researchers Methods Used In order to obtain the data which are important in the course of study, a case study s an appropriate method used. Case study is a detailed analysis of a person or group Profile of the respondentsThere are 20 college students, ages 17-27 days of age, all Males, all singles serve as the Respondents and all of which were members of such Organizations or fraternities, among these respondents, 4 of which agreed to give such information about themselves which will be cru cial in this research, Goy (not real name) a 18 year old college student from St James College of Quezon City, single and have been a member of a unsaid fraternity for two years now, Nuno (not real name) a 27 ear old alumni of Fatima College, single and have been a member of Tau Gamma Phi fraternity for nine years and still active and helping the growth of his fraternity, another one is olsen (not real name) a 19 year old student from University of Santo Tomas, single and also a member of Tau Gamma Phi for 3 years now, and last is Bok also a 19 years old student of Centro Escolar University, single and have been a member of his fraternity for 3 years now. Data gathering turn Library- based research. The researchers obtain some information from the library and v visit some websites.Primary source of information such as books, articles and other publication are gathered. Secondary source of data were taken so that these materials will also provide information. Observation. The resea rchers have observed the respondents and studied the demographic profile of the subjects. Studying the location of the subjects will help fully understand the condition of the respondents since they came from various learning institutions. Interview. The researchers conduct queries in order to gather data. A structured questions are prepared . Survey. A questionnaire containing four (4) questions with aggregate options re used . These questionnaires were administered to facilitate the validity of the data gathered. Instrumentation The researchers use questionnaire which has four questions with multiple options given to gather data for the study. Those questions are related to the problem statement. Sampling Techniques and Procedure Driven by the researchers need to gather information, the researchers choose lottery method in choosing the respondents for this research, In that case, the researchers will be able to better gather information without being biased in some information wh ich he researchers consider important in this research, and also gather information without compromising the integrity of the data being shown. Q U E S T I O N N A I R E Dear Respondents, We, the students enrolled in Society and Culture of FEU-Fern College are working on the research entitled, Problems Facing Fraternity Membership. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the said subject. stick around assured that whatever information will be gathered will be used for research purposes only and will be treated with maximum confidentiality. Thank you very much. Very truly yours, The Researchers Name ( optional)_______________________ Age____________ Gender_________ Course__________School__________ Direction. Please read carefully each question. Each question has multiple options, you may have multiple answers. Kindly answer the questions honestly and completely. 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? ?Alpha Phi Omega ?Tau Gamma Phi ?Beta Sigma ?Upsilon ?Alpha Kappa Rho ?Scout Royal Brotherhood ?FROKS ?Delta Sigma Phi ?Sigma Beta Phi ?Alpha Phi Beta ?Beta Lambda ?None . Is it authorized in your school? Yes ?No What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity? ?Political Machinery ?Security and protection ?Socialization ?To be popular ?To have a feeling of belonging ?Invited by Friends ?Help others ?Curiosity ? colleague pinch ?For improvement ?Others ?No Organization What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity or Sorority? ?To be popular ?Have stacks of friends ? quarter do well in school ?Can get support during elections ?Practice my right to say yes or no ?Connection when you graduate ? dependable of riots ?Death Chapter IV Analysis of Data 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? Tau Gamma Phi ( 25% )Alpha Kappa Rho ( 20% ) Scout Royal Brotherhood ( 15% ) Delta Sigma Phi ( 15%) Alpha Phi Omega ( 10% ) Beta Sigma ( 5% ) None ( 10% ) Total 100% 2 Is it authorized in your school? Yes ( 0%) No ( 100% ) T otal 100% 3. What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity Socialization (20%) Security and Protection (15%) Invited by friends (13%) Curiosity (12%) No organization (11%) Peer Pressure (9%) Help others (9%) To be Popular (8%) Others (3%) Total 100% 4. What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity? Connection when you graduate (20%)Have lots of friends (18%) Can do well in school (15%) To be popular (12. 5%) Full of riots (12. 5%) Death (12. 5%) Practice my right to say yes or no (9. 5%) Total 100% Chapter V Summary of Results and Findings. Most of the fraternity members do not feel the problems physically, emotionally and socially. Most of those fraternities are unauthorized in schools, they join fraternities to have a better social life, security and protection and gain more friends, all of them answered that fraternity members do not deserve this problems. Most of the respondents have the same reason that there is nothing wrong with being a raternity or sorority member. Recommendations This research is highly recommended to all students especially in college levels who are already aware of such existing organizations the proponents put stress into this research to show the students what are the problems encountered by the members of fraternities. Conclusion The group cogitate that Problems facing fraternity is inevitable. According to the data gathered and answered questionnaires it shows that students join fraternities primarily because of security However some students have their own reason why they do not join such organization.Bibliography Fraternity, Webster Comprehensive Dictionary Editions, vol. I p 502 Alfred McClung, Fraternities Without Brotherhood, (Boston Beacon Press, 1995)p. 445 Ibid (as no. 2) William S. Carlson, Fraternities Evil Force on the campus, Saturday Review (September 10, 1985)pp. 59-61 Psychological needs of the adolescents, The Philippine journal (dec. 18, 1996) p. 10 Joseph Rhulman, personnel Princi ples in chapter house (Washington American Hill Brother Company, Inc. 1988)pp 24-26 McClung, loc. Cit Carlson, loc. cit pic pic pic pic

An Investigation Into the Use of Science by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in Relation to Climate Change

An investigation into the procedure of information by the United States environmental Protection Agency in relation to clime compound 1. Introduction temper variegate is now the greatest environmental problem confronting the earth ecosystem and military personnel beings. It is largely caused by unrestricted greenhouse gas e missionary posts all over the world from industry and many gentleman beings activities. It can be prevented from becoming worse if some decisive measures and actions are in place ( hail Environment Centre, 2012).As one of the world environmental protagonism bodies, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) dedicates to encourage human health and the environment. The advocay body is established for the purpose of reducing environmental risks to the Statesns, making efforts to incorporate U. S. policies in environment into actions on the basis of the most tested scientific information (EPA, 2012). To systematically address the impact of mo od change, the adaptation haves through managing climate threat, and the exact decision-making actions, science plays an important role (Laguna, 2012).For the advocacy organisations, science can also foul their values and interests. In this case, an investigation into the use of science by the EPA concerning climate change is to be done in this overcompensate. 2. EPAs advocacy positions 2. 1 EPAs contribution to debate on climate change About debate on climate change, EPA released news to support the government policies and at the same time advocate its positions. For instance, a carbon footprint reduction program named Carbon yeti successfully increased hatfuls awareness of climate change.This received EPAs supports and achieved an EPA reinvigorated Air Excellence Award (Kaufman, 2011). In addition, EPA released a report called EPA Endangerment Finding which was made later a review of bountiful public comments and research results on climate change. The findings indicated tha t greenhouse gas from human activity is the main cause of climate change. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas pollution can also become a risk to public health and public welfare (Environmental Defense Fund, 2012).The EPA Endangerment Finding was later commented by the Office of Inspector General (OIG), but the OIG report was considered to have mischaracterised EPAs findings. EPA then sent a response to Inspector Generals report to shoot the validity of its scientific findings (EPA, 2011). EPAs attempt to state its advocacy position emphasized its use of science is significant to climate change studies. Whats more, in EPAs FY 2013 budget proposal, EPA has shown its ongoing efforts in supporting the national fuel economy and constructing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Standards Program.The budget for this program includes a $10 millon increase in the EPAs National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory for certification and compliance testing programs and in evaluating new biofuels technologies. Al l EPA 2013 budget endorses American president Obamas vision of an American that develops sustainably (Milbourn, 2012). EPA administrator Lisa P. Jackson made a statement when she left Cabinet after State of Union that the need to address climate change was quite urgent. She supported Obamas positive attitude towards human health and environment protection (Johnson, 2012). 2. EPA values and interests As aforementioned, the mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment. To be more specific, the values and interests of EPA are different in nature but consistent in EPAs claim to manage climate change. Interests represent EPAs desire or goals to achieve something especially in a conflict situation (Maiese, 2012). It is notable that there make it conflict between human health and strength use on one hand, lot want to live healthily on the other hand, human activities at present inevitably contribute to the production of greenhouse gas so as to prompt climate change.Unde r such circumstance, EPA positions itself as a facilitator to center the threat to human life and elevate the environment condition where volume live (EPA, 2012). It is the goal that EPA aims to achieve, and human health is their priority. By contrast, values are slipway mass see the world and the fundamental ideas they believe are right (Maiese, 2012). EPA states that to protect the environment is all the peoples responsibility. It believes that climate change affects everyone because peoples daily life is closely connected with the climate.A changing climate in the degrading environment can lead to a shortage of peoples water supplies, power systems, and human safety. If no efforts are to be made to reduce the risks of climate change to human life, the world in which the adjacent generations live will have to face more disasters (EPA, 2012). In general, EPA focuses on the amelioration of the current condition of climate change in order to work out a more environment-friendly world in the future. The most important task so far is to raise everyones awareness of awaitping climate change since everyone has the responsibility. . EPAs use of science 3. 1 Role of science Scientific research plays a prominent role in managing climate change, and EPA tries to use science to support their interests and values. It is known that science has led to a better see to iting of climate change and proves the general conclusions made by previous scientists in the then(prenominal) few years. It confirms that the causes of climate change originate from human activity rather than the natural forces and the effects of climate change are very serious (Leggett, 2007).To throw out study the direct cause of climate, EPA manifests that the temperature of the earth is the main factor, while it is the greenhouse effect that keeps a high heat of the earth atmosphere. With the industrial development, humans began to practice growing influence on climate, particularly through inc reasing billions of tons of greenhouse gases to the earth atmosphere (NRC, 2010). In addition, since the 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate, most of the global calefacient under observation is owing to greenhouse gas emissions by human beings (NRC, 2002). The figure below demonstrates the change.Figure Earths temperature change in the 20th century pic Source Hegerl et al. , 2007 It can be observed that with human-caused greenhouse gases emissions, the earths temperature soared in the mid-20th century. In another word, human hold responsible to climate change. To comprehensively address climate change and raise peoples consciousness of environment protection, EPA uses science to tell people about why climate is changing, its impacts and adaptation, indicators for find climate change, and prediction of future climate dynamics (EPA, 2012).This in turn warns people about the potential serious effects of climate change and appeals them to come in into the actions to stop climate change . 3. 2 Use of science to support values and interests The values and interests of EPA are presented previously that EPA aims at ameliorating the current condition of climate change for the sake of creating a world where people can live healthily and in harmony with the environment. EPA values everyones responsibility of slowing put down climate change as the most important for the reason that everyone contributes to and shares the effects of climate change.EPA thereby attempts to convince people by using science that if their efforts can congregate together, the climate change will not become a threat. Since EPA considers climate change is related to everyones daily activity, and it is not just a simple slogan, EPA adopts the common-sense approach to develop standards for greenhouse gas emissions. Under the guidance of the Clean Air Act which is an American federal practice of law, EPA is able to respond to the law actively by taking a series of common-sense-procedures to face the challenge of climate change.It is acknowledged that all the people should get to know the basic scientific facts about climate change, and if no actions are expungen, our planet will fall into a very dangerous state (Clark & Gleick, 2010). That is to say, taking actions can save human from confronting catastrophic results. To EPA, human health and environment are two important objectives it endeavors to protect. Besides, the sustainable development of the next generation is also the top concern. In this case, people now have to understand how to reduce greenhouse gas in everyday life from the basic common sense.EPA, therefore, tells people to use electricity more, blaze woods less, keep recycling, save water at home, at the office, on the road and at school. It presents them how much greenhouse gas emissions can be reduce and at the same time how much coin can be saved through replacing the old energy source with new eco-friendly energy (EPA, 2012). All these common senses are supported by science using mathematic calculation to make people be aware of the significance and benefits to be green, and frankincense be healthy. For instance, EPA shows people to have a full load of their dishwasher when it is running.This can save up to 100 pounds of carbon dioxide with approximately $40 money being saved per year (EPA, 2012). Such common sense enables people to learn how to be a smart energy user. All these efforts and EPAs use of science are consistent with EPAs values and interests because the goal is to involve everyone in taking actions to adapt to climate change and in an effort to stop it. It is no doubt an undeniable fact that climate change is not a single person or only an advocacy bodys responsibility to face with and manage, instead, it needs everyones participation.However, to really involve everyone requires enough patience and time. 4. Conclusions To sum up, the report made an investigation into the use of science by the United States Environment al Protection Agency (EPA) relating to climate change. The report chose EPA for the study because it has clear stand on climate change. In another word, it advocates people to take actions to prevent the climate change from becoming worse. The report presented EPAs contribution in the debate on climate change that EPA has new releases, published written document on climate change as well as media appearances by its administrator.The report then demonstrated EPAs values and interests in order to understand EPAs advocacy positions in climate change. To be more specific, EPA focuses on the amelioration of the current condition of climate change in order to compel a more environment-friendly world in the future. The most important task so far is to raise everyones awareness of stopping climate change since everyone has the responsibility. After that, EPAs use of science was given to look at how it tries to support its values and interest.For one thing, by manifesting scientific informa tion on climate change, EPA shows people the importance and peoples mission to deal with it for another, by using common-sense approach with science calculation to help people get obscure in taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. All in all, EPAs use of science successfully supports its values and interests. Reference List Clark, W. C. , & Gleick, P. H. (2010). Climate change and the integrity of science. intuition, 328(5979), 689-690. Environmental Defense Fund. 2012). Overview of EPA endangerment finding. Retrieved from http//www. edf. org/climate/overview-epa-endangerment-finding EPA. (2011). EPAs response to Inspector Generals report on endangerment finding. Retrieved from http//yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/721aa416060e4eda8525770b006e18b9/64a85204a88e46a785257919006fce32 OpenDocument EPA. (2012). Climate change bedrock. Retrieved from http//www. epa. gov/climatechange/basics/ EPA. (2012). Our mission and what we do. Retrieved from http//www. epa. gov/abou tepa/whatwedo. tml Hegerl, G. C. , Zwiers, F. W. , Braconnot, P. , Gillett, N. P. , Luo, Y. , Marengo Orsini, J. A. , Nicholls, N. , Penner, J. E. , & Stott, P. A. (2007). Understanding and attributing climate change. In S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H. L. Miller (eds. ), Climate change 2007 The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth legal opinion report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. Johnson, A. (2012).Statement by EPA administrator Lisa P. Jackson announcing her leaving cabinet after State of Union. Retrieved from http//yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/721aa416060e4eda8525770b006e18b9/3b1c073659f5e6a785257ae100548961 OpenDocument Kaufman, J. (2011). Carbon Yeti snares City of Bellevue an EPA Clean Air Excellence Award. Retrieved from http//yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/721aa416060e4eda8525770b006e18b9/14401a7faa2166cb852578a90059f 915 OpenDocument Laguna, P. (2012). Use science to address climate change. Retrieved from http//www. hilstar. com/science-and-technology/2012/11/29/875809/%E2%80%98use-science-address-climate-change%E2%80%99 Leggett, J. A. (2007). Climate change Science and policy implications. CRS Report for Congress. Maiese, M. (2012). Interests, positions, needs, and values. Retrieved from http//www. beyondintractability. org/bi-essay/interests Milbourn, C. (2012). EPAs FY 2013 budget proposal focuses on core environmental and human health protections / EPA budget supports President Obamas vision of an America that is built to last.Retrieved from http//yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/721aa416060e4eda8525770b006e18b9/d38e604ef465557a852579a3005f4630 OpenDocument NRC (2002). 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Media Violence Essay

Introduction A number of psychological problems be surfacing these days, especially concerning the jr. generation. The rotate security guard ship of television, movies & playing video games instill young electric shaverren with the aggression & dotty energy of the show. It has been deduced finished extensive research that children who persuasion much media ferocity are more verbally & physically aggressive proper more anti social as the years pass.Media vehemence motion picture is described as a risk itemor for aggressive beliefs and behaviors, and it is argued that media vehemence exposure in combination with other risk factors for aggression (e.g., hostile attribution bias, sex, prior aggression) dismiss produce an put in greater than any single risk factor alone. (For further review Gentile et al 2004) Psychologists adjudge been conducting researches to learn more virtually the physical & mental cause of fury through media. The intense & antagonistic music, lyr ics & videos affect the viewers most negatively regardless of their age. Even the cartoons which are meant strictly for childrens viewing have turned aggressive & boisterous. In classrooms students are getting into fights with co- students & forming cliques comprising of most popular & un- popular students all derived from the latest TV series. This disturb is seen in girls more than in boys however the boys are more into the aggressive attitudes physically.The matters to be discussed areHow the media affects the heeds of young children?What steps are being taken by the parents to control these consequences?What measures are the media related people taking so as to broadcast less violence in TV shows?The government & officials dealings to acquit this problem?The problems occurring due to this social learning a process where an individual learns by reflexion & imitating others instead of ones own experiences, by exposure to TV violence in the betimes years are numerous. Some ma in points to be highlighted areDiminishing of the involuntary concern for a nonhers suffering.Losing the sensitivity towards violence & aggression by becoming habitual.Imitating the violent acts as seen in the movie.Exhibiting a hostile attitude towards others.Prevalence of risk factor Due to the availability of some(prenominal) media options like cable television, DVDs, & the ever progressing video games. Un especial(a) time is being spent in watching cartoon & animated movies, which are becoming more sadistic as the technology advances generating a number of behavioral, social & emotional problems. At times the media simply provide a boom to an already delirious child under stress due to family or school troubles. Often it causes severe psychotic disorders & pervasive developmental disorders with a very low frequence which makes it difficult to identify the main causes. (Merrell K. 1999)Description of risk factor at different ages The risk factors in media violence are many & o bserved differently at each age level & too gender wise. A research concluded at 99% of American families have televisions at home, 87% a VCR, 54% children have televisions & video games in their own bedrooms. Average time an American child spends per day, in viewing different types of media is 6 hours & 43 minutes of which 90 minutes each day is spent in playing video games. This deduces that they consume double the amount of time in watching TV & playing video games then they spend at school annually. Children are mostly fascinated by the fantasies & stories hence romance based games are the most popular among kids. The total estimation of the profit earned by the video games industry is a whopping $ 10 billion dollars a year, level(p) crossing the gross of the ever popular motion pictures. It has not yet been deduced how the media violence effects infants but it may cause them to imitate behaviors in a minimal manner, from what they stove. Usually the viewer ship becomes st ronger when they reach the age of two & a half or above. Thats the time when they develop the ability to grasp the right meaning of what they view on television & then incorporate it in their actions. The children of age group 6 8 are most promising to be fascinated by what they view on media. They do not have the experience & maturity to characterize between the real keep & fantasy hence they feel infatuated by the fictional characters & try to imitate their actions verbally & physically. Many children, when asked what they want to be when they grow up, answer mostly the call of superheroes they watch & admire on TV like superman or batman.When the movie superman was released many children tried to copy the flying act by tying a cape near their neck & jumping from a higher place. This ended up in a number of casualties & therefore thwarting on not being able to carry out the task, which the superman so flawlessly renders. This is not an only example the horror movies children view also create negative effects in the young minds. When the movie Childs play was released, a huge number of children threw away their dolls & had countless nightmares by imagining the face of chucky the satanic doll & feeling scared. The young age is open to magical ideas & fantasies. They consider the on-screen violence as macrocosm, this though process gradually develops as the child ages & the end between reality & fantasy diminishes. The TV is taking over the family moments. This development is progressing with great pace which is an extremely serious issue & needs to be tackled & controlled by the parents & with the collaboration of the media related people. The media viewing habits that the children develop at an archaeozoic stage influence their life throughout the ages. The inspiration they take from the fast paced & colorful cartoons & movies leave alone embark a feeling of aggression at a premature level. The exploring property of young minds fosters them to lear n the violent actions of the characters & emulate them themselves. This characteristic is further highlighted by the intense sounds & music supporting the movie.Theory The reality & enjoyment level of the violence creates de-sensitization. It is a feeling when the individual, loses the feeling of compassion or sensitivity & becomes indifferent to the violence being broadcasted in front of him. This process is cemented by the high levels of graphics being used in video games & movies these days. The points or rewards on killing, pipeline showing & body mutilation in video games are considered as normal undertakings. Depression is considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century. (M. Abdel et al, 2006) This problem is becoming common in young children as well, mostly appearing during the teenage years, it intervenes with a childs psychological, social & academic functioning evoking a unsafe behavior. The signs are often showcased by a child exhibit frustration & l ow tolerance.Various factors are materializing due to the media violence exposure in childrenEpidemiologists who have been canvass the factors of violence & other common social issues discovered that exposure to violent media played a vital part in 10,000 homicides committed in the United States of America last year (E. Cook, 2000)Individuals preferring heavy metal music are more subjective to psychological disarray, substance exploitation, & suicidal risk in the extreme stage during adolescence.The effects of interactive media like internet & video games are more enduring & persuasive on violent behavior than passive voice media like television as they have increase levels of aggression & hostility having a object to make the individual insensitive to violence.An inclination towards using drugs & craziness in unsafe sex, contributing to the widely spreading diseases like HIV aids, cancer of different types.Specific effects on children/adolescentsThe students of middle school or high school, around the age of 12 to 17 are very much capable of theoretical thinking & elucidation. However, when exposed to the world of media they do not utilize these mental abilities, making them as prone to media violence effects as younger children. By this age they get much independence by the parents, thus making them highly vulnerable to in appropriate media. This is more compelling for boys than in girls however, girls too are being captivated into the same habits nowadays. They bollix up in viewing media dealing issues in negative slipway including loud music videos, horror & often pornographic content. A research conducted by the of uppercase epidemiologist Brandon Centerwall, evaluated that among one- quarter & one- third convicted young male criminals had consciously imitated the violent techniques they had seen on television.(Tepperman) Some percentage of youngsters both male & females who associate the media content with real life are more prone to becoming aggre ssive later in life, however they are less prone to identify with television characters & doubt the reality of media at this age as compared to younger children. Whereas younger children, are much enthralled & captivated by the aggressive heroes depicted in the media. Excessive exposure to strong media generates some particular effects on children likeThe violent behavior might perceive them into becoming attackers.It may induce fear in the individual hence creating a victimized effect.The excessive viewing of violent content may make them insensitive & ruthless to the belligerence happening around them in media or in real life.It can make them ambitious for yet more aggression & violence by creating an effect of negative desire. The children studying at elementary school level are very keen in recognizing patterns of the actions depicted in media especially cartoons which appeal to them the most. Their cognitive abilities make it a grave period to make conjectures about the vocifer ous content & recognize motivations of the characters. The society should show some concern to the risks encompassed & being spread through media. The fact that a young mind learns & develops aggressive behavior & later becomes desensitized to it has been proven by a number of scientific researches. The violence itself is not the attraction for younger children, the graphic content & dramatic production features set up the hype. As young as preschool students view cartoons like Pokemon which has been banned earlier in many countries due to its violent theme. The children not just enjoy the cartoons they buy the merchandise & games of their favorite show as well. Another factor that appears here is when the families who cannot afford such(prenominal) extravagance fail to comply with the Childs demands it creates a sense of severance in him or her. This might induce him to steal or get into fights so as to hide this feeling. It has been noted by parents & teachers alike, that when pre schooler watch any stimulating action oriented content, they become more aggressive in their play. The teenagers have a predisposition to confront conventional authority making them vulnerable to interpret some television violence & especially expos of suicide & murders.Research findings If we observe the viewer ship of programs like MTV & WWE containing explicit matter, it is clear that children most exposed to these programs are verbally & physically more aggressive & anti social. Children viewing WWE are physically more violent & get into more fights at school.Both the viewers showed decline in school grades. Girls surprisingly have a higher tendency than boys to get into fights. The steps that appear in children exposed to violence on media making them most likely to imitate it areIdentification with the hero & the program itself.Fantasizing about the program & creating ones own stories on its bases.The aptitude to commit the act.Vulnerability and protective factor The expansio n of childrens media started in the early 1940s & up till now comprises of television, video tapes, DVDs, electronic games, interactive soft wares. The visual media has flourished more as compared to the print media like comic & fib books. The 1990s saw a transformation of media into a more violent & physically aggressive medium. The rating system that they used to label the content has not been implemented properly thus provoke the risk of violence in young children, often traumatizing them & affecting their judgmental qualities.The media portrays unrealistic concepts regarding beauty & physical appearances as sales tactics. This is perceived by the young minds in a negative way propelling them to opt for unhealthy diets & suffer body disorders & psychological effects when they are unable to attain that look. Minimum 20 hours per week are spent in television viewing by an average American child not counting the time spent on movies, music, video games & Internet. This association with media is promoting inactivity the children. Less time is spent on studies & social life. The parents use the TV as a way to get the children out of the way. Especially mothers so they can complete housework with ease. The use of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drugs is represented as high glamour in the media. The characters of the movies or TV shows often shown indulging in them. (Clark, 2007) $6 billion & $2 billion dollars are spent annually by the tobacco & alcohol manufactures various(prenominal)ly in advertising their product. Educational messages are also broadcasted but on a much smaller scale. iterate viewing of the harmful content has been noted to lower emotional response to violence & increase hostility in individuals. Studies have documented that desensitization results in reduced arousal and emotional disturbance while witnessing violence. A survey conducted in Ohio, in 1998 of more than 2000 3-8 grade students showed that as the viewer ship increased the psychologic al effects like anxiety, depression & posttraumatic stress increased as well. (Cantor, 2002) A normal American child witness more than 8000 murders on media by the time hes 11, 75% of these show the murderer performing the act without any regret making the children either insensitive or awful of the societys negative acts. (Gentile et all, 2004)A national survey in 1999 revealed that 62% parents of children ages ranging from 2-17 confessed their child being frightened by something they saw on TV.Strengths and limitationsSurveys were conducted, skill is that research will have positive implications if steps taken to avoid exposure of media on young children. Our research limitation is that we have to rely on questionnaires for this study. Though every person who takes the survey we take consent to be truthful and honest, but still some people might not be serious in answering the questions. The research we conducted brought out many views & issues concerning the medias violent natu re by parents & psychological experts. Many a times the results deduced by a survey are not 100% accurate due to the answers not being stated with honesty. Often parents hide their childrens problems so as to cast a positive & likeable image in front of others. Thus, giving false information & diluting the research.Further investigation should be planned & penalise to fully extract the true happenings. This can help in contriving the broadcast of media to promote positive points among its viewers. The studies should be devised with a broad view so as to cover all the aspects whether trade good or bad. Often the experts do not co-operate with the evaluators therefore the end results lack professional guidelines. Expert opinion is always requisite to cement the result of surveys & strengthen the evaluation. The researches conducted in schools proved to be quite remarkable & helped in collecting physical & psychological health of the children. The information minded(p) was backed b y the annual report cards & examination results of each student. More studies should be conducted in different level schools. It provides a beneficial forget in devising theories regarding the children.Future directions for researchFurther research is needed in this field and especially research must be conducted to study the effect of media on developmental psychology of children. Future research will reveal how violence in media is affecting children and the related frequency of occurrence of abnormal psychological disorders. This will help taking further steps to stop such media violence and avoid psychological problems. The research conducted proves that moderate television viewing with parents find out is rather favorable for the young children. The media can be used as an effective tool in teaching & developing sound habits in children through parental guidance & proper planning of the mediums people. Parents can use the specific shows as guidelines to satisfy the childs inq uisition. Watching programs with good values & ethics on TV can help the children understand the right way to behave. However the media is being used in a limited way, the variety of messages that can be incorporated through the medium is being ignored. Changes must be designed to use the medium in a finest way. The gaps left over(p) by this research & evaluation should be fulfilled by further researches that are extensively conducted. Advertising &entertainment industries represent the culture & spirit of the respective country to the rest of the world & must not be used casually. Parents & teachers should come up with strategies to create a sense of misgiving in the children from an early age. The parents should realize what effects the movies & content on TV are having on their children & try to minimize TV viewing at home level. Some ways that may be incorporated by parents to limit childrens revelation to violence areRestricting & keeping a check on what their children view o n TVDiscussing the programs with older children or young adults to clear their minds of any confusion & help them in expressing their opinions.Start a family oriented time by going for picnics, organizing a special lunch or dinner.Allow the children to watch TV for a selected time period & only programs that are desirable for their viewing. aver criticism on TV channels & sponsors for showing in appropriate programs or content so as to force them to use proper censorship. finis The effects whether positive or negative concerning todays media are out in the open. It is the duty of every individual to counter such issues & advert their voices to control them. Many researches & experiments are being conducted to realize the short-term & long-term effects of violent media. Feelings of hostility, revenge, anger sprout in a young mind & provoke him or her to retaliate. Many reasons that promote violence on media are present.Often the viewer & the broadcaster thinks the effect is too minu te to make a difference in anyones mind, nevertheless children are affected by the smallest of acts without worrying about its positive or negative aspect.The media declaring that that there is no understanding of the definition of violence among the people & continue to showcase the explicit content. They further comprehend by saying they show what the people want to watch.Believing that violence shown on media is simply showcasing real life. This is mostly observed in news channels & movies, where gruesome details of murder & accidents are shown openly.Parents allow children to view violent content in the name of comedy, many well-liked shows illustrate this example such as the ever popular tom & jerry cartoon which shows both the characters beating or pummeling each otherReferencesAnon., (May 28, 2003) Preventing violence by teaching non-violent problem-solving American Psychological Association, accessed world-class December 2007 Anon, (February 19, 2004) Violence in the media psychologists helps protect childrenfrom harmful effects American Psychological Association accessed 1st December 2007 Donald E. Cook, ( folk 13, 2000) Testimony of the American academy of pediatrics on media violence presented to the U.S. senate commerce committeehttp//www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony.pdfDouglas A. Gentile, David A. Walsh, Paul R. Ellison, Michelle fob & Jennifer Cameron (May, 2004) Media violence as a risk factor for children a longitudinal study presented to the American Psychological Society 16th Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois- pgs 2-5Jean Tepperman, January-February 1997. What do children learn from media violence? Childrens Advocate newsmagazine, Action Alliance for Children Action Alliance for Children accessed 1st December 2007 Joanne Cantor, (April 19, 2002). The psychological effects of media violence on children and adolescents Presented at the Colloquium on Television and Violence in Society Kenneth W. Merrell, (1999) Assessme nt of other behavioral, social, and emotional problems Behavioral, Social and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescents Lawrence Erlbaum Associates- Mahwah, NJ. Publication chapter 11, pg 275Laura B. Clark (2007) Influence on children media muniment of media for children, general considerations, studies of media influence, domains of influence, recommendations Education Encyclopedia Moataz M. Abdel- Fattah & Abdel-Rahman A. Asal, (August 13, 2006) Prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for depression among high school students in Saudi Arabia copyright 2005 Europes Journal of Psychology Accessed 1st December 2007http//www.ejop.org/archives/2006/08/prevalence_symp.htmWendy L. Josephson, (February 1995) Television violence areview of the effects on children of different ages for the Department of Canadian Heritage Reprinted with permission, by the Media Awareness Network. September 1997 accessed on 1st December 2007